FACTS

1. Robots operating at high speed or with high force can cause serious injury when unexpected contact occurs, due to insufficient modelling of human-body dynamics in collisions.
2. Lack of comprehensive sensors and validation for transient contact (i.e., brief collisions or sand-wiched contact) remains a major hazard in human-robot collaborative environments.
3. Many HRI systems still rely on standard risk assessment methods that do not fully capture dynamic human motion or unpredictable human behaviour, creating safety blind spots.
4. Poorly defined workspace boundaries or overlap zones where humans and robots share space increase risk of pinching, trapping or collisions such as when humans […]

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